December 1,1913
Henry Ford, a fledgling car maker in 1913 has a great idea, one that an associate gets while watching cattle "disassembled" in the slaughter houses of Swift Meat Company in Chicago. Ford has been having a problem meeting the demand for his wildly popular, inexpensive Model T automobile. Between 1908, when the company is founded until 1913, each car is assembled by hand by craftsmen/mechanics at his Piquette Avenue plant in Detroit. Assemblers walk over to a parts bin, grab a part, walk back to a stationary chassis and installed it. Then, they walk over to get the next part. At the end of 1913, a new method for building cars at a brand new plant (Highland Park) has started Ford on a path that cut the cost of a making a car by more than 50%. Move the chassis, not the people and parts. Manufacturing efficiency that will make the USA the envy of the industrial world has begun, of course, not without a cost.
On December 1, the assembly line began to roll.
Sunday, December 1, 2013
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Zabern
November 7, 1913
A century ago today, a tempest in a teapot occurred that echoes down to us today. It was a bell weather of monstrous events to come. In German it is called the Zabern Affair, in French, the Saverne Affair. A hot-headed 19 year old second lieutenant named Forstner spouted off disparagingly about the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine, which had been occupied by his army, the Prussia army. (The occupation was agreed to in 1871, over the objections of Otto von Bismark, as a result of the victory of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war. Bismark had foreseen that Prussian occupation of the province would lead, inevitably to the next war.)
After the story hit the papers, the German officer was given a slap on the wrist, fueling discontent among the populace and resulting in popular demonstrations. The German governors of the province demanded that the indiginous police force act to supress these peaceful demonstrations, a demand that was declined. On November 28th, a gathering outside an army barracks was illegally broken up by the German army. The silence fom Germany on the issue of her troops acting illegally in the occupied province was deafening.
On December 2nd, a second incident involving Forstner occurred. During military maneuvers, a local shoe maker couldn't restrain his laughter at the sight of the extravagantly dolled up Forstner in Prussian army dress. If you've ever seen a fully decked out Prussian officer of the time, you can surely sympathize with him. The enraged Foerster struck the shoe maker with the side of his saber and severely injured him. Forstner was adjudged by the military authority as having acted properly to defend the honor of the army.
Wikipedia for the Zabern/Saverne Affair
A century ago today, a tempest in a teapot occurred that echoes down to us today. It was a bell weather of monstrous events to come. In German it is called the Zabern Affair, in French, the Saverne Affair. A hot-headed 19 year old second lieutenant named Forstner spouted off disparagingly about the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine, which had been occupied by his army, the Prussia army. (The occupation was agreed to in 1871, over the objections of Otto von Bismark, as a result of the victory of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war. Bismark had foreseen that Prussian occupation of the province would lead, inevitably to the next war.)
After the story hit the papers, the German officer was given a slap on the wrist, fueling discontent among the populace and resulting in popular demonstrations. The German governors of the province demanded that the indiginous police force act to supress these peaceful demonstrations, a demand that was declined. On November 28th, a gathering outside an army barracks was illegally broken up by the German army. The silence fom Germany on the issue of her troops acting illegally in the occupied province was deafening.
On December 2nd, a second incident involving Forstner occurred. During military maneuvers, a local shoe maker couldn't restrain his laughter at the sight of the extravagantly dolled up Forstner in Prussian army dress. If you've ever seen a fully decked out Prussian officer of the time, you can surely sympathize with him. The enraged Foerster struck the shoe maker with the side of his saber and severely injured him. Forstner was adjudged by the military authority as having acted properly to defend the honor of the army.
Wikipedia for the Zabern/Saverne Affair
Saturday, June 22, 2013
George V
June 22, 1913
Two years before today, King George V was crowned King of Great Britain in West Minster Abbey. His path to the throne was less than likely, but that is how it worked out.
He was the second son ("the spare", not the heir) of Edward VII, the oldest son of Queen Victoria. Edward VII had waited impatiently for the throne until he was sixty years old and reigned for only ten. His oldest son, George's older brother, and the heir apparent had died suddenly of pneumonia as an adult and suddenly presented George with the prospect of a very responsible life as the next English sovereign. He had married Mary of Teck, his second cousin, who while being a German princess, had been raised in Britain A very famous ship, that is now permanently docked at Long Beach California, will be later named for her.
His diary entry on the death of his father speaks volumes across more than 100 years. "I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me
If you saw the movie "The Kings Speech" you were watching a fictionalized account of part of his life..
Two years before today, King George V was crowned King of Great Britain in West Minster Abbey. His path to the throne was less than likely, but that is how it worked out.
He was the second son ("the spare", not the heir) of Edward VII, the oldest son of Queen Victoria. Edward VII had waited impatiently for the throne until he was sixty years old and reigned for only ten. His oldest son, George's older brother, and the heir apparent had died suddenly of pneumonia as an adult and suddenly presented George with the prospect of a very responsible life as the next English sovereign. He had married Mary of Teck, his second cousin, who while being a German princess, had been raised in Britain A very famous ship, that is now permanently docked at Long Beach California, will be later named for her.
His diary entry on the death of his father speaks volumes across more than 100 years. "I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me
If you saw the movie "The Kings Speech" you were watching a fictionalized account of part of his life..
 |
| Coronation of George V by John Henry Frederick Bacon |
Thursday, June 13, 2013
Trouble in the Balkans
June-July, 1913
The history of the Balkan peninsula had been dominated since the 14th century by the Ottoman Empire which held the territory. As a result of the 19th century decline in Ottoman power, the inhabitants became restless. The First Balkan War from October 1912 to May 1913 had soundly beaten the armies of the Sultan and driven the Turks out of vast stretches of Balkan territory.
In June, Bulgaria a steadily growing (via military conquest) principality, angry over the creation of the state of Albania and dissatisfied with recent territorial gains, declared war on Greece and Serbia in a Second Balkan War. Her goal was to act quickly to aquire territory by force before the diplomats, especially Russian, could intervene to deny her claims again.
The contestant armies, which soon included Romania against Bulgaria fought themselves to exhaustion and, after a devastating battle at the Bregalnica River in Macedonia, Bulgaria capitulated in July. As a result of her defeat, Bulgaria lost the territory she had recently gained in the First Balkan War and by her rash behavior, had destroyed her special relationship to Russia, sworn protector of the Slavs. Now the only Russian ally in the Balkans was the rather weaker and backward Serbia itself. That country and her conflict with the Germanic Austrian Empire would soon become the proximate cause of the next global conflagration.
The history of the Balkan peninsula had been dominated since the 14th century by the Ottoman Empire which held the territory. As a result of the 19th century decline in Ottoman power, the inhabitants became restless. The First Balkan War from October 1912 to May 1913 had soundly beaten the armies of the Sultan and driven the Turks out of vast stretches of Balkan territory.
In June, Bulgaria a steadily growing (via military conquest) principality, angry over the creation of the state of Albania and dissatisfied with recent territorial gains, declared war on Greece and Serbia in a Second Balkan War. Her goal was to act quickly to aquire territory by force before the diplomats, especially Russian, could intervene to deny her claims again.
The contestant armies, which soon included Romania against Bulgaria fought themselves to exhaustion and, after a devastating battle at the Bregalnica River in Macedonia, Bulgaria capitulated in July. As a result of her defeat, Bulgaria lost the territory she had recently gained in the First Balkan War and by her rash behavior, had destroyed her special relationship to Russia, sworn protector of the Slavs. Now the only Russian ally in the Balkans was the rather weaker and backward Serbia itself. That country and her conflict with the Germanic Austrian Empire would soon become the proximate cause of the next global conflagration.
Monday, June 10, 2013
Art of 1913
As usual, before the political powers could perceive that a new world was bearing down on them, the artists of the time prefigured it. Cubism and Abstract Impressionism are being invented a century ago, showing the way to a new exciting, disturbing and liberating modernism. Of course, the world would have to pass through a conflagration of war to get there. One day, perhaps, we will be wise enough to see that change and progress are inevitable and unavoidable and that the best way forward is to look ahead and not only behind.
MOMA Art Culture Shock of 1913.
MOMA Art Culture Shock of 1913.
Saturday, June 1, 2013
The Sun Never Sets
Geography is history, and it is geography that made one of the most powerful and enduring empires the world has ever seen. The British Empire is now largely dissolved as a result of the convulsions of the Great War.
British mastery of the seas goes back to the time of Henry VIII (who ruled between 1509 and 1547) and even before. The island nation understood perfectly well that the most efficient way to protect itself from foreign domination, especially from France, was to maintain control of the waters that separated her from the continent of Europe. The powerful sea presence she built had been the pre-eminent factor in her world dominance, over North America, over India, in southern Africa.
The Boer war, in a sense, prefigured WWI. Rising power in Germany, the result of a smashing victory in the Franco-Prussian War, had resulted in her demanding her rights to hold sway over foreign colonies, like that other great empire. Germany, engaged in expansion into African territory herself, looked on as the British Army subdued a native force of white Germanic settlers, the Boers, in South Africa. This brought home to the Germans the importance of a strong navy to the maintenance of a global empire
British mastery of the seas goes back to the time of Henry VIII (who ruled between 1509 and 1547) and even before. The island nation understood perfectly well that the most efficient way to protect itself from foreign domination, especially from France, was to maintain control of the waters that separated her from the continent of Europe. The powerful sea presence she built had been the pre-eminent factor in her world dominance, over North America, over India, in southern Africa.
The Boer war, in a sense, prefigured WWI. Rising power in Germany, the result of a smashing victory in the Franco-Prussian War, had resulted in her demanding her rights to hold sway over foreign colonies, like that other great empire. Germany, engaged in expansion into African territory herself, looked on as the British Army subdued a native force of white Germanic settlers, the Boers, in South Africa. This brought home to the Germans the importance of a strong navy to the maintenance of a global empire
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
The Rite
May 29, 1913
Today, Igor Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" is premiered in Paris. The ballet is choreographed by Vaslav Nijinski. The story concerns itself with Russia's distant pagan past. A young girl is chosen to be a sacrificial offering and dances herself to death. The score introduces many unsettling innovations in atonality and dissonance to the ballet going public. It closes to mixed reviews, but it points the way to the future of music, even if the public is not yet ready to accept it.
Today, Igor Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" is premiered in Paris. The ballet is choreographed by Vaslav Nijinski. The story concerns itself with Russia's distant pagan past. A young girl is chosen to be a sacrificial offering and dances herself to death. The score introduces many unsettling innovations in atonality and dissonance to the ballet going public. It closes to mixed reviews, but it points the way to the future of music, even if the public is not yet ready to accept it.
 |
| Dancers from the Original Production |
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Eiffel
While open conflict grows ever closer, we reflect on the cultural background of 100 years ago.
The cultural roots of the Great War certainly go back through the arch under the Eiffel Tower. It was built in Paris to be the central wonder the Paris Worlds Fair of 1888. And that cultural heritage, along with the world wars, echoes down to us to the present day in a very real sense.
The tower was built in response to the Crystal Palace, the central feature of England's Great Exhibition of 1851. France's forward looking cultural leadership has never shown more brightly than in the choice of this architectural icon. It was consciously meant to convey the triumph of industrial capitalism over agricultural land ownership, which had been the foundation of power back into the distant mists of history. The victory of of process over person.
And though the actors in this drama couldn't imagine it, modes of governing based on the pre-eminence of land owning classes would be swept away in the unforeseen aftermath of war, and in their place centers of power based on industrial production and distribution.
It was all predicted by Eiffel and the Paris Exhibition! Instead of a sprawling greenhouse of glass, they erect a tower of iron to colonize, not the land, but the undeveloped (and unowned) territory of the sky. It was this monumental shift in human perspective that made war inevitable for people who had no way of seeing what was right in front of their eyes.
The cultural roots of the Great War certainly go back through the arch under the Eiffel Tower. It was built in Paris to be the central wonder the Paris Worlds Fair of 1888. And that cultural heritage, along with the world wars, echoes down to us to the present day in a very real sense.
The tower was built in response to the Crystal Palace, the central feature of England's Great Exhibition of 1851. France's forward looking cultural leadership has never shown more brightly than in the choice of this architectural icon. It was consciously meant to convey the triumph of industrial capitalism over agricultural land ownership, which had been the foundation of power back into the distant mists of history. The victory of of process over person.
And though the actors in this drama couldn't imagine it, modes of governing based on the pre-eminence of land owning classes would be swept away in the unforeseen aftermath of war, and in their place centers of power based on industrial production and distribution.
It was all predicted by Eiffel and the Paris Exhibition! Instead of a sprawling greenhouse of glass, they erect a tower of iron to colonize, not the land, but the undeveloped (and unowned) territory of the sky. It was this monumental shift in human perspective that made war inevitable for people who had no way of seeing what was right in front of their eyes.
Thursday, April 25, 2013
Holy Russia
 |
| Nicholas II and George V - First Cousins |
In the absence of direct understanding of international politics, the Czar and Czarina have placed their trust in the Orthodox religion of the country. They found confirmation of their faith in the person of the Mad Monk, Gregori Rasputin, who had seemed to intercede with God for them in the easing the pain of their beloved son, the prospective next Czar, who suffers from hereditary hemophilia.
Japan has surprised the world and essentially destroyed Russia's entire navy in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05. Nicholas received news of the shattering defeat with resignation and then went back to his tennis game. (Why does that seem familiar?) In spite of the decline in the military reputation of Russia, France has determined that the road to victory over Germany and recovery of its badly tarnished military reputation hinges on forcing Germany into war on two fronts. France doesn't really concern itself with the quality of the enemy on Germany's eastern front, as long as their was one. And all Europe looked with envy at the massive male military age population available to the Czar. At the instigation of the French, the Czar and his generals have agreed to synchronize their invasion forces and invade on the day specified in Plan XVII, Day 15.
Sunday, April 21, 2013
Plan XVII
April 1913
German-French animosity is smoldering, largely the result of the outcome of the Franco-Prussian war. French patriotism is outraged that the Prussians had triumphed over them and is now the dominant power on the continent. In Germany the conventional wisdom believes that it has not received the just spoils of that war. On both sides of the border, military minds are making plans.
The German plan for the next war was already in place in 1905, the Schlieffen plan, which posited a swift attack on France through neutral Belgium. Of course, the planned movement through a neutral country is top secret and is known only at the highest levels of the German government and military. The Germans, always contemplating with horror their possible encirclement, are counting on a swift defeat over France so they can turn their full attention to the behemoth in the East, the Russian Empire.
In French military circles, a new philosophical approach to war is being bruited, the principle of pre-eminence of offensive action. (It's counterpoint on the German side of the border would one day be known as blitzkreig.) The idea is to concentrate force where it can most quickly overwhelm and destroy the invading armies and turn them back. It is a doctrine that is based on the somewhat metaphysical concept of Élan vital or the will to victory.
There are military strategists in France (General Victor Michel) who believe the correct approach is to fortify and prepare a defense along the northern border with Belgium There is even substantial military intelligence that indicates the German plan but it is ignored, being at odds with prevailing opinion. But, the voices advocating a strong defensive posture are drowned out by the the voices of aggression (Foch who was instrumental in devising French military strategy as director of the military academy and Joffre) who devise Plan XVII, implemented beginning this month. Along with it, a change to the French term of service for conscripts to three years is instituted, resulting in a very different disposition of French armed forces.
German-French animosity is smoldering, largely the result of the outcome of the Franco-Prussian war. French patriotism is outraged that the Prussians had triumphed over them and is now the dominant power on the continent. In Germany the conventional wisdom believes that it has not received the just spoils of that war. On both sides of the border, military minds are making plans.
The German plan for the next war was already in place in 1905, the Schlieffen plan, which posited a swift attack on France through neutral Belgium. Of course, the planned movement through a neutral country is top secret and is known only at the highest levels of the German government and military. The Germans, always contemplating with horror their possible encirclement, are counting on a swift defeat over France so they can turn their full attention to the behemoth in the East, the Russian Empire.
In French military circles, a new philosophical approach to war is being bruited, the principle of pre-eminence of offensive action. (It's counterpoint on the German side of the border would one day be known as blitzkreig.) The idea is to concentrate force where it can most quickly overwhelm and destroy the invading armies and turn them back. It is a doctrine that is based on the somewhat metaphysical concept of Élan vital or the will to victory.
There are military strategists in France (General Victor Michel) who believe the correct approach is to fortify and prepare a defense along the northern border with Belgium There is even substantial military intelligence that indicates the German plan but it is ignored, being at odds with prevailing opinion. But, the voices advocating a strong defensive posture are drowned out by the the voices of aggression (Foch who was instrumental in devising French military strategy as director of the military academy and Joffre) who devise Plan XVII, implemented beginning this month. Along with it, a change to the French term of service for conscripts to three years is instituted, resulting in a very different disposition of French armed forces.
Thursday, April 4, 2013
The Next Chapter
Some Background.
All wars seem, in some sense, to be continuations of a preceding war. WWI is no exception and the parent war of that conflict is certainly the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. The war was ended, for all intents and purposes by the Battle of Sedan, which was a stunning victory of the German army over the French. That war, among other things, established a new German dominance over European affairs. It also solidified German unification (largely under Prussian leadership) and gave them control over the European territory know as Alsace-Lorraine. This territory is west of the Rhine river and hence constituted an "expansion" of Germany beyond its natural border provided by that river. The emotional conflict that results in the French mind played a large part in the outbreak of the next war. For their part, the Germans ruled Alsace-Lorraine, with a large French population, as if it were a colony, handing down edicts to be ignored by the populace at their peril.
Otto Von Bismark, the German Chancellor, who was a key figure in the creation of the modern German state, opposed the annexation, arguing correctly that it would only engender lasting enmity on the part of the French toward Germany. Von Bismark can be seen as a "Germany First" man, a careful diplomat, more concerned about holding on to the gains made in unification and less in meddling in external affairs. He sees with almost uncanny vision the future of Europe.
In 1894 a scandal erupted in France, the Drefus Affair, that resulted from accusation that a French army officer had communicated military secrets to the German government. The baseless conviction of Dreyfus only succeeded in bitterly dividing French political thought. Both anti-German thought and antisemitism (Drefus was Alsatian and a Jew) contributed to the conflict. In 1906, finally Drefus was exonerated, but the recriminations remain to influence French political thought.
All wars seem, in some sense, to be continuations of a preceding war. WWI is no exception and the parent war of that conflict is certainly the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. The war was ended, for all intents and purposes by the Battle of Sedan, which was a stunning victory of the German army over the French. That war, among other things, established a new German dominance over European affairs. It also solidified German unification (largely under Prussian leadership) and gave them control over the European territory know as Alsace-Lorraine. This territory is west of the Rhine river and hence constituted an "expansion" of Germany beyond its natural border provided by that river. The emotional conflict that results in the French mind played a large part in the outbreak of the next war. For their part, the Germans ruled Alsace-Lorraine, with a large French population, as if it were a colony, handing down edicts to be ignored by the populace at their peril.
Otto Von Bismark, the German Chancellor, who was a key figure in the creation of the modern German state, opposed the annexation, arguing correctly that it would only engender lasting enmity on the part of the French toward Germany. Von Bismark can be seen as a "Germany First" man, a careful diplomat, more concerned about holding on to the gains made in unification and less in meddling in external affairs. He sees with almost uncanny vision the future of Europe.
"Jena came twenty years after the death of Frederick the Great; the crash will come twenty years after my departure if things go on like this" ― a prophecy fulfilled a little late when, twenty four years after his resignation as Chancellor, World War I began in August 1914.[68]He is asked to resign by Kaiser Wilhelm II, a man who imagines himself Germany's ultimate war lord, in 1890.
In 1894 a scandal erupted in France, the Drefus Affair, that resulted from accusation that a French army officer had communicated military secrets to the German government. The baseless conviction of Dreyfus only succeeded in bitterly dividing French political thought. Both anti-German thought and antisemitism (Drefus was Alsatian and a Jew) contributed to the conflict. In 1906, finally Drefus was exonerated, but the recriminations remain to influence French political thought.
Thursday, March 28, 2013
A Start
I love history. I love how events of the past which were so important to the people of the past, as soon as they are over, begin to fade from popular consciousness until they are resurrected and studied by the historians of a future time. It is as if there are these secrets that were buried in the past and only those who make the effort will uncover them, appreciate them, recognize ourselves in them. One day even the awful events of September 11th, 2001 will be forgotten and all the subsequent events in Iraq and Afghanistan, and will in their turn be examined by historians of our future in the light of subsequent events we know nothing of. That assumes, of course, we are lucky enough to survive as a species.
This is my third foray into anniversary history study. The first was when I happened to find a copy of "The Log of Christopher Colombus, translated by Robert H Fuson" in one of my many bookstore shopping trips back around 1992 and thought to myself, "Isn't this a once in a lifetime opportunity to experience vicariously the events of the original voyage to America exactly 500 years to the day after they actually occurred?" Of course there was a calendar revision to take into account, but I found many rewards in doing just that, opening my copy each night in bed before sleep and letting my imagination roam back in time to try, in even a limited way, to be with them on their journey beyond the edge of the world.
Next, being a devoted fan of the Beatles, I decided to follow the career of the Beatles 50 years after. I blogged from their first gigs using that name, up to the appearance on the Ed Sullivan show, where they first entered the consciousness of an impressionable 12 year old boy in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Again, the rewards were many and various. The time factor, waiting as it were for each familiar event (and many unfamiliar ones) to occur in due time adds another dimension to the study of events of the past. My guide on that journey was Mark Lewisohn to whom eternal thanks are due.
So now I turn my attention to World War I. Of course, the events that we know as WWI had their antecedents, but a strong case can be made the catastrophe of the Great War was a turning point in the history of humanity whose importance cannot be overestimated. Before that war, government was largely the business of a few families, a legacy of the dead age of fudalism that shaped the continent of Europe and the world beyond. Afterward it became the concern of people not born to it but who, by hook or crook, achieved it. That is the epoch that we are still in 100 years later and which is likely to continue to evolve slowly, as generations pass on and new ones take their place on the stage, for yet more centuries.
It is my intention to provide links in each post, especially to Wikipedia. I encourage you to use and support that wonderful resource of the new world of the World Wide Web. This approach will allow readers to obtain more detail when desired, but to keep my posts more concise. Those with a passing interest can quickly read and move on.
So, come with me on a real time journey. Empty your mind of all of the history of that time that you know (if any) and let events happen to you as they happened to the participants, winners and losers, exactly 100 years after the fact. You may recognize yourself in the mirror of history. The effort will be well worth it.
This is my third foray into anniversary history study. The first was when I happened to find a copy of "The Log of Christopher Colombus, translated by Robert H Fuson" in one of my many bookstore shopping trips back around 1992 and thought to myself, "Isn't this a once in a lifetime opportunity to experience vicariously the events of the original voyage to America exactly 500 years to the day after they actually occurred?" Of course there was a calendar revision to take into account, but I found many rewards in doing just that, opening my copy each night in bed before sleep and letting my imagination roam back in time to try, in even a limited way, to be with them on their journey beyond the edge of the world.
Next, being a devoted fan of the Beatles, I decided to follow the career of the Beatles 50 years after. I blogged from their first gigs using that name, up to the appearance on the Ed Sullivan show, where they first entered the consciousness of an impressionable 12 year old boy in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Again, the rewards were many and various. The time factor, waiting as it were for each familiar event (and many unfamiliar ones) to occur in due time adds another dimension to the study of events of the past. My guide on that journey was Mark Lewisohn to whom eternal thanks are due.
So now I turn my attention to World War I. Of course, the events that we know as WWI had their antecedents, but a strong case can be made the catastrophe of the Great War was a turning point in the history of humanity whose importance cannot be overestimated. Before that war, government was largely the business of a few families, a legacy of the dead age of fudalism that shaped the continent of Europe and the world beyond. Afterward it became the concern of people not born to it but who, by hook or crook, achieved it. That is the epoch that we are still in 100 years later and which is likely to continue to evolve slowly, as generations pass on and new ones take their place on the stage, for yet more centuries.
It is my intention to provide links in each post, especially to Wikipedia. I encourage you to use and support that wonderful resource of the new world of the World Wide Web. This approach will allow readers to obtain more detail when desired, but to keep my posts more concise. Those with a passing interest can quickly read and move on.
So, come with me on a real time journey. Empty your mind of all of the history of that time that you know (if any) and let events happen to you as they happened to the participants, winners and losers, exactly 100 years after the fact. You may recognize yourself in the mirror of history. The effort will be well worth it.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)